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Arduino sample guide

roboda-sample-0104 - PWM Fade 05

Create a smooth analog-like output using PWM.

Step-by-step build

Control LED brightness, buzzers, and motor driver speed inputs.

1

Use a PWM-capable pin from the map.

2

Connect an LED with resistor or a motor driver enable input.

3

Increase level until it reaches 255.

4

Reverse stepSize to fade back down.

Important code parts

These are the sections learners should understand before changing the sketch.

analogWrite(pwmPin, level)

Outputs PWM duty cycle from 0 to 255.

stepSize

Controls how quickly brightness or speed changes.

if boundary check

Reverses direction at the ends of the fade.

Pin mapping for this sample

Use this first table for the exact sample wiring, then use the board-family table when moving the sketch to another Arduino board.

Code nameSample pinModeConnect toNote
pwmPinD10PWM OUTPUTLED through resistor or motor-driver enable inputMust be a PWM-capable pin for analogWrite().

Arduino board pin reference

The code names stay the same; only the physical board pins may change by family. Always confirm with the board silkscreen when using clones or special variants.

Board familyDigitalPWMAnalogI2CSPIInterrupt
Uno / Nano / Pro MiniDefault target for these samples.D0-D13D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11A0-A5A4 SDA, A5 SCLD10 SS, D11 MOSI, D12 MISO, D13 SCK / ICSPD2, D3
Mega 2560Best for many sensors or multiple serial ports.D0-D53D2-D13, D44-D46A0-A15D20 SDA, D21 SCLD50 MISO, D51 MOSI, D52 SCK, D53 SS / ICSPD2, D3, D18, D19, D20, D21
Leonardo / MicroUSB serial can behave differently because the main MCU handles USB.D0-D13D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11, D13A0-A5 plus extra analog-capable pins by boardD2 SDA, D3 SCLICSP headerD0, D1, D2, D3, D7
Nano Every / Uno WiFi Rev2Check the board package pinout for exact PWM labels.D0-D13PWM-marked digital pinsA0-A7 on Nano Every, A0-A5 on Uno WiFi Rev2SDA/SCL marked pinsICSP/SPI marked pinsUse pins supported by digitalPinToInterrupt()
Uno R4 Minima / Uno R4 WiFi5V logic board; still confirm shield/library compatibility.D0-D13PWM-marked digital pinsA0-A5SDA/SCL marked pinsICSP/SPI marked pinsUse digitalPinToInterrupt(pin)
Due3.3V logic only; protect pins from 5V sensors.D0-D53PWM-marked digital pinsA0-A11SDA/SCL and SDA1/SCL1SPI headerUse digitalPinToInterrupt(pin)
MKR / Nano 33 family3.3V logic. Some AVR-only libraries may need alternatives.Board-marked digital pinsPWM-marked pinsBoard-marked analog pinsSDA/SCL marked pinsSPI marked pinsUse digitalPinToInterrupt(pin)

Full sample code

/*
  Roboda verified Arduino sample 0104
  Feature: PWM Fade
  Generated for online build, classroom practice, and hardware upload testing.
*/

const byte pwmPin = 10;
int level = 0;
int stepSize = 5;

void setup() {
  pinMode(pwmPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  analogWrite(pwmPin, level);
  level += stepSize;
  if (level <= 0 || level >= 255) {
    stepSize = -stepSize;
  }
  delay(44);
}

Teacher notes

  • Compile the sample before changing wiring or constants.
  • When changing boards, keep the code names the same and update only the pin number constants.
  • For 3.3V boards, level-shift 5V sensors and modules before connecting signal pins.
  • Use the first compiler error and the Roboda diagnostic suggestion before fixing later warnings.
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