DC Motor
A DC motor spins when current flows through coils inside a magnetic field. Reversing polarity reverses direction. Changing voltage or PWM duty cycle changes speed.
Working Principle
A DC motor spins when current flows through coils inside a magnetic field. Reversing polarity reverses direction. Changing voltage or PWM duty cycle changes speed.
Step by Step
- Battery supplies electrical energy.
- Current creates a magnetic field in the coil.
- Magnetic force turns the shaft.
- A driver circuit controls direction and speed.
Working Simulation
Verified Learning Notes
A DC motor speed changes with voltage and load. Direction changes when current through the motor is reversed.
Arduino Nano cannot drive BO motors directly. Use L293D or another motor driver to switch motor current.
Expect higher stall current when a wheel is blocked. Test with wheels lifted and avoid holding a stalled motor.
Run PWM values 80, 150, and 220 and observe that speed is not perfectly linear because friction and load matter.
Simulation Challenge
Use the working simulation above before touching wires. Change one value or command at a time, predict the result, then compare it with the diagram and the real module.
- Say what input changed.
- Predict the output.
- Run the simulator.
- Explain why the result is correct for DC Motor.
Authenticity Checklist
- Does the diagram match Arduino Nano pin names?
- Does every signal have a common ground reference?
- Is the module powered at its correct voltage?
- Does the explanation separate signal, data, power, and mechanical motion?